Chapter 1 Aerospace science utilizes this by combining multi‐ and hyperspectral camera technology with pre‐acquired “reference spectra” recorded on the earth surface. In terms of satellite images, this has provided spectacular insights for discovering places of interest for e.g. agricultural purposes17,18, archeology and forensics19, as well as military and homeland security applications20. Using diffuse reflectance spectroscopy the “reference spectra” of human tissues can be mapped. By analyzing these spectra for distinctive endogenous tissue contrasts, the aforementioned “aerospace approach” can ultimately be translated to enable multi‐ or hyperspectrally enhanced surgical imaging. Medical applications of such imaging technology have potential to facilitate image‐guided surgery21, in terms of anatomical imaging and tumor imaging. They have, for example, been investigated for contrast enhancement of coronary arteries during open heart surgery22, for intraoperative enhancement of bile ducts23, for intraoperative assessment of tissue oxygen saturation24,25 and for intraoperative tumor detection26. Endogenous tissue contrasts, such as oxygenated hemoglobin can be applied to measure oxygenation of tissues24. Furthermore, endogenous tissue contrast can also enable automated tissue classification for tissue‐specific image‐enhancement, thereby providing opportunities to improve the visual acuity of medical specialists. 12
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