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Chapter 6 Figure 6.1 Snap‐shots obtained ten minutes after intravenous CW800‐CA administration: presentation of 82 the conventional anatomical images (ureters indicated by arrows) and associated fluorescence laparoscopy images of the left (TBR = 1.6) and right ureter (TBR = 3.5). Discussion This technical report describes the possibility of obtaining real‐time intraoperative identification of the ureters using a novel technique called near‐infrared fluorescence laparoscopy using CW800‐CA.   Prophylactic use of ureteral stents has been proposed for intraoperative visualization of the ureters9. A drawback is that insertion of the stents itself may cause damage to the ureters. Moreover, ureteral stenting is especially useful in open surgery because it leads to identification by palpation. This feature is almost absent in laparoscopy, except for hand‐assisted laparoscopy techniques, where palpation would be possible. As stated, non‐invasive advanced laparoscopic imaging methods, such as near‐infrared fluorescence laparoscopy after intravenous dye administration5 are being developed for the purpose of enhanced anatomical imaging. Low‐dose methylene blue, injected intravenously, was successfully used for ureteral identification in laparoscopic pig experiments10 and in open human abdominal surgery11. The currently available CE‐


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