Advanced intraoperative imaging methods for laparoscopic anatomy navigation surgeons to visualize the biliary anatomy. The spectroscopic data were collected from laparoscopic images. Data processing provided an image representative of the inherent chemical properties to the imaged tissues. Real‐time imaging is not (yet) possible, because this image‐processing takes about 40 seconds. The maximum light penetration depth in tissue of HSI is not reported. HSI has proven to be a sensitive tool for real‐time monitoring of renal oxygenation and blood flow54. Hence it can facilitate intraoperative decision‐making to protect kidney function during partial nephrectomy. Optoacoustic imaging Ultrasound‐modulated optical tomography and photo‐acoustic tomography are modalities of optoacoustic imaging (OI). In these technologies the imaging contrast is based primarily on the optical properties of tissues, and the imaging resolution is based primarily on the ultrasonic waves that are provided externally or internally within tissues55‐57. Pure optical imaging has either a limited penetration depth (as in optical coherence tomography) or a limited resolution (as in diffuse optical spectroscopy). Pure ultrasound imaging can provide good resolution, but cannot image oxygen saturation or concentration of hemoglobin. Optoacoustic imaging can overcome these limitations, by merging the contrast advantage of pure optical imaging with the resolution advantage of pure ultrasound imaging57. Optoacoustic imaging can be employed for real‐time, high‐resolution endoscopic imaging of anatomy (e.g. vascularization) and tissue physiology (e.g. hypoxia) using a single device with combined modalities, at depths larger than one centimeter56,58. For implementation of this combined technique in an endoscopic device, a small‐sized probe that holds both a light source able to illuminate tissue at a wide angle and an ultrasound transducer array has yet to be designed. 27 Discussion New optical imaging techniques can improve visual information beyond the capabilities of the human eye, which is interesting for the identification and characterization of critical anatomical structures encountered during laparoscopic gastrointestinal surgery. The wide number of studies, referred to in this review, augmented the relevant knowledge level for advanced laparoscopic surgical imaging. Most studies describe single‐institute experiences of small animal and clinical pilot studies. These investigations mainly focus on potential applications of new imaging methods in high‐
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