Chapter 2 22 Table 2.1 Advanced laparoscopic imaging methods Optical imaging modality Anatomy identification Physiology assessment Assumed maximum light penetration depth in tissue Optical dye administration? Tested in clinical setting? Example Refs. Infrared ray imaging Blood vessel, extra‐hepatic bile duct, ureter, lymph vessel/node Dynamic organ perfusion ≥5 mm Cold saline Yes * Shussman6, Liu 9 Fluorescence imaging Blood vessel, extra‐hepatic bile duct, ureter, lymph vessel/node Dynamic organ perfusion >1 cm ICG, MB Other dyes only for preclinical use Yes * Swijnenburg13, Cahill14 Optical coherence tomography Blood vessel, nerve, lymph vessel/node Optical biopsy (histological assessment) 1‐2 mm No Yes * Aron43, Cahill46 Diffuse optical spectroscopy Potential for contrast enhancement of blood vessel, ureter Blood oxygen determination Not reported No Yes Durduran48, Curran49 Hyperspectral imaging Blood vessel, extra‐hepatic bile duct Dynamic organ perfusion, blood oxygen determination Not reported No Yes Zuzak53, Best54 Optoacoustic imaging Blood vessel Dynamic perfusion, blood oxygen determination >1 cm No No Wang57, Beziere58 ICG = indocyanine green; MB = methylene blue; * An imaging device for minimally invasive surgery is already commercially available
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