Differentiation between nerve and adipose tissue using wide‐band spectroscopy 135 Results In 18 patients (4 male, 14 female) undergoing parathyroid or thyroid surgery, 253 spectra from 52 in vivo tissue sites were recorded (nerve = 22, muscle = 12 and adipose tissue = 18). Table 9.1 summarizes patient characteristics and the number of measured sites per tissue type. Mean diffuse reflectance spectra and corresponding standard deviations for RLN, surrounding adipose tissue and sternocleidomastoid muscle are shown in Figure 9.3A. Figure 9.3B shows mean spectra of tissue measurements performed during five carpal tunnel release procedures. During these measurements 20 in vivo tissue sites were studied (nerve = 10, muscle = 5, adipose tissue = 5). Table 9.1 Spectroscopy in thyroid and parathyroid surgery: study subject characteristics Subject# Gender Age Indication for surgery Surgical procedure Sites per tissue type Nerve Adipose Muscle 1 M 67 Bethesda 3 * node left thyroid Left HT 2 0 0 2 F 55 PH Right PAR 0 2 0 3 M 54 MEN‐2a syndrome, left medullar thyroid carcinoma TT + radical LND neck, right axillary LND 2 1 0 4 F 14 PH Left PAR 0 2 0 5 F 67 Status after right hemithyroidectomy, in which a follicular carcinoma was found Resection of remainingthyroid (left HT) 2 1 0 6 F 53 Multinodular goiter TT 2 1 0 7 F 56 Bethesda 2 * node right thyroid Right HT 2 1 0 8 F 67 Multinodular goiter Left HT 1 0 0 9 F 55 Multinodular goiter Left HT + subtotal right thyroidectomy 1 0 0 10 F 50 Multinodular goiter Left HT 1 1 1 11 M 80 PH Left PAR 0 1 1 12 F 54 PH Right PAR 1 1 1 13 M 74 PH Right PAR 0 1 1 14 F 60 Multinodular goiter Left HT 1 1 1 15 F 46 Substernal multinodular goiter Sternotomy + left HT 2 1 3 16 F 53 Bethesda 3 * node right thyroid Right HT 2 2 2 17 F 23 Graves’ disease TT 2 1 1 18 F 49 Multinodular goiter Left HT 1 1 1 Sites per tissue type (total n=52) 22 18 12 Spectra per tissue type (total n=253) 108 90 55 * The Bethesda system was used for reporting thyroid cytopathology29. M = male; F = female; PH = primary hyperparathyroidism; PAR = parathyroid adenoma resection; HT = hemithyroidectomy; TT = total thyroidectomy; LND = lymph node dissection.
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